Glossary of Terms

Also known as Electronic purse.

European Association of Corporate Treasurers.

Effective Annual Rate.

Also known as Equivalent Annual Rate.

Pensions.
A person who ceases to be an active member of a pension scheme, other than on death, without being granted an immediate retirement benefit, thus becoming a deferred pensioner.

1. The setting aside, at least notionally, of part of a pension fund for the benefit of a particular member, such as might be the case in a money purchase arrangement.

2. A court order directing the trustees of a pension scheme to make payments direct to a former spouse of a member; these generally form part of divorce settlements.

3. More generally, the notional setting aside of a part of any fund of assets for a specific purpose.

1. In relation to a UK firm, its profits available for distribution to ordinary shareholders.
Also known as Net Profit.

2. In relation to firms more generally, their profits.

3. In relation to individuals, their earned income, for example salary.
Distinguished from their investment income and their capital gains. This distinction is important in relation to individual taxation and in relation to pensions.

Pensions.
A former limit (in the UK) on the amount of pensionable remuneration on which the benefits and contributions of a member could be based, which applied to periods up to April 2006.

The earnings cap has been replaced by the lifetime allowance and the annual allowance limits.

However, many company and public sector defined benefit pension schemes may continue to use the earnings cap in order to restrict pension contributions and pension benefits payable. Other employers and pension schemes may choose to set their own earnings caps, resulting in similar effective restrictions.

Calculated by banks to offset against bank charges and fees in jurisdictions which typically do not allow the payment of credit interest on current or checking accounts.

(ECR). The rate applied by a bank to a company’s average available balances to offset bank fees.

A method of business valuation which is based on accounting earnings and the ratio of value to earnings of a comparable business (or a comparable group of businesses).

(EPS or eps). Profit attributable to ordinary shareholders ÷ Weighted average number of shares in issue during the year.

The earnings per share divided by the market price, expressed as a percentage.

The reciprocal of the earnings yield is the price/earnings ratio.

Earnings Before Interest and Tax.

Near enough the same as Profit Before Interest and Tax (PBIT).

A method of business valuation which is based on accounting Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) and the ratio of value to EBIT of a comparable business (or a comparable group of businesses).

Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortisation.

A method of business valuation which is based on accounting Earings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) and the ratio of value to EBITDA of a comparable business (or a comparable group of businesses).

EBITDA mulitiple = Total value of firm ÷ EBITDA.

For example if the total value of Company A is $630m and its relevant EBITDA is $150m, the EBITDA multiple = $630m/$150m = 4.2.

In another case if comparable EBITDA multiples for an unlisted Company B are 6, and its relevant EBITDA is $30m, the total value of Company B's business can be estimated on this basis as 6 x $30m = $180m.

Banking.
1. Electronic Balance Reporting.

2. Electronic Bank Reporting.

1. Electronic Commerce.

2. European Commission.

3. European Community.

Directive on Payment Services, (PSD), which sets out the legal foundation for the creation of an EU-wide single market for payments.

Replaced Directive 97/5 EC.

Related to cross-border credit transfers worth up to the equivalent of EUR 50,000 within the EU and the European Economic Area (EEA). Repealed by Directive 2007/64/EC.

European Central Bank.

Export Credits Guarantee Department.

1. The Economic and Financial Affairs Council of the EU.

2. The Economic and Financial Committee of the United Nations.

(ECOFIN). An EU council consisting of the finance ministers of the EU member states.

In foreign exchange risk analysis, the risk of adverse effects on the firm’s future operating cash flows arising from changes in foreign exchange rates.

For example, key competitors having currency cost bases in weaker or depreciating currencies.

The term is also used to refer to the longer-term version of transaction exposure – for transactions expected to be agreed in the future, but not yet contractually committed.

This is sometimes called Pre-transaction risk or Pre-transactional exposure.

The extent to which the value of a firm is at risk of adverse change as a direct or indirect consequence of future movements in foreign exchange rates.

(EOQ). The optimal size of orders and frequency for ordering stocks or raw materials based on the periodic demand (D), the fixed ordering cost (F) and the periodic holding cost (H) of the item of stock in question.

Expressed as a formula:
EOQ = (2FD/H)^1/2
Where:
F = the Fixed cost per order (eg £20)
D = the annual Demand, or usage, of the item (eg 100 units)
H = annual Holding cost per unit of the item (eg £40)

In this case:
EOQ = (2FD/H)^1/2
= (2 x £20 x 100/£40)^1/2
= 10 units per order.

With this size of order, the average number of orders per year would be 100/10 = 10 orders.
Total annual ordering costs = 10 orders x £20/order = £200.
Average stock levels would be 10/2 = 5 units.
Total annual stock holding costs = 5 units x £40/unit = £200.
Grand total costs = £200 + £200 = £400.

Proof:
Total costs would be greater with any other number of units per order (other than the EOQ of 10 units calculated above), for example:
With 9 units per order, the average number of orders per year would be 100/9 = 11.111 orders.
Total annual ordering costs = 11.111 orders x £20/order = £222.
Average stock levels would be 9/2 = 4.5 units.
Total annual stock holding costs = 4.5 units x £40/unit = £180.
Grand total costs = £222 + £180 = £402.

With 11 units per order, the average number of orders per year would be 100/11 = 9.0909 orders.
Total annual ordering costs = 9.0909 orders x £20/order = £182.
Average stock levels would be 11/2 = 5.5 units.
Total annual stock holding costs = 5.5 units x £40/unit = £220.
Grand total costs = £180 + £222 = £402.

Near enough the same as supernormal profit.

The risk associated with changes in exchange rates, local regulations or business environment, which could disadvantage the company’s long-term economic model or favour the services or products of a competitor.
This type of exposure is very difficult to mitigate.

Also known as economic exposure.

(EVA). The periodic addition to shareholder value resulting from the efficient management and allocation of a firm's resources.

EVA can be quantified as:
EVA = [Return on book capital LESS Market cost of capital] x Book capital.

Taking a simplified example, for an all-equity financed firm with a market capitalisation (P₀) of $130m, book value of equity $100m, and annual after tax returns of $13m.

[To keep the illustration simple, we will assume no growth, in other words the whole of the annual after tax returns of $13m are paid out as dividends (D₁).]

Return on book capital = 13/100 = 13%.
Market cost of capital = 13/130 = 10%
(Using Ke = D₁/P₀).
EVA = [13% - 10% = 3%] x $100m = $3m.

In practice a number of adjustments would be made both to the market values and to the book values used in the calculation of the EVA. So the application of EVA analysis is both more complicated, and arguably more subjective, than the simple calculation illustrated above.

Turning back for now to our simple example, EVA is also closely related to Market value added (MVA). MVA is the total present value of the expected EVA in the current and future periods.

For example in this case it is a simple fixed perpetuity of $3m, which is evaluated using the simple fixed perpetuity formula 1/r at the market cost of capital 10%:
MVA = $3m/0.10 = $30m.

A decrease in production costs per unit as a result of increasing production output.

Euro Commercial Paper.

Earnings Credit Rate.

The former European Currency Unit.

ED 2010/9 'Leases' is a draft accounting standard designed to replace and harmonise the current IAS 17 and US GAAP Topic 840 on accounting for leases.

The main proposal is to abolish the prevailing accounting distinction between operating leases and finance leases. So that lessees will in future have to account for all leases "on balance sheet", recognising in the current period's balance sheet their liabilities to make lease payments in future accounting periods.

Electronic Data Interchange.

UN/EDIFACT.

European Economic Area.

(EAR).
1. A quoting convention under which interest at the quoted rate is calculated and added to the principal annually. EAR is the usual quotation basis for instruments with maturities of greater than one year.

2. A conventional measure which expresses the returns on different instruments on a comparable basis. The EAR basis of comparison is the equivalent rate of interest paid and compounded annually, which would give the same all-in rate of return as the instrument under review.

For example GBP overnight interest is conventionally quoted on a simple interest basis for a 365 day year.

So GBP overnight interest quoted at 5.11% means:

(i) Interest of 5.11%/365 = 0.014% is paid per day.

(ii) The equivalent effective annual rate is = 1.00014³⁶⁵ - 1 = 5.24%.

Near enough the same as effective annual rate.

In relation to a financial asset or financial liability, the allocation of the difference between the initial cost and the final maturity amount using the effective interest rate.

Also known as the amortised cost method.

In relation to a financial asset or financial liability, the internal rate of return of the cash flows of the instrument, including the initial cost and the final maturity amount.

Same as Effective interest rate.

An accounting measure, calculated by dividing the net tax charge reported in the income statement by the related profit before tax. The effective tax rate will usually differ from the standard corporate rate of tax.

The quantified explanation of the differences between the effective tax rate and the standard corporate rate of tax is known as a tax reconciliation statement. (Often abbreviated to 'tax rec'.)

See Efficient market hypothesis.

A financial ratio designed to measure the efficiency of management in controlling the working capital of the business. For example, the inventory turnover ratio.

Also known as an activity ratio.

Portfolio analysis.
The efficient frontier represents portfolios which dominate all other possible portfolios by giving the maximum possible expected return, for the given variance of returns.

Therefore rational investors will always invest only in portfolios which lie on the efficient frontier.

A market in which there is a sufficiently large number of buyers and sellers to eliminate arbitrage opportunities, and in which the trade off between risk and return is fully reflected in prevailing market prices.

(EMH). The hypothesis that markets operate efficiently; that assets are fairly priced by the market mechanism to incorporate available information. There are three forms of potential efficiency: the weak form, the semi-strong form and the strong form.

The weak form states that past prices are no guide to future prices, so charting techniques cannot be used to make excess returns.

The semi-strong form states that prices react to public information so that any form of analysis using publicly available information cannot be successful in consistently generating excess returns.

The strong form states that even insider information cannot generate consistent excess returns.

Important implications of the efficient market hypothesis for financial managers include:
o Keeping the financial markets well-informed.
o Taking market price movements seriously.
o Not attempting to 'fine tune' the timing of security issues.

Also known as the Efficient markets hypothesis.

Same as the Efficient market hypothesis.

Portfolio analysis.
An efficient portfolio is one which lies on the efficient frontier. In other words an efficient portfolio has either higher expected return than all others of equal risk, or lower risk for equal expected return.

Efficient portfolios are said to 'dominate' other relatively inefficient portfolios.

European Financial Stability Facility.

European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism.

Electronic Funds Transfer.

Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale.

Extraordinary General Meeting.

European Investment Bank.

European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority.

UK Tax.
Enterprise Investment Scheme.

Latin term meaning 'of the same kind'.

In law, it is taken to mean that where general words follow specific words, those general words are interpreted in the light of the preceding specific words.

Economics.
Where the percentage change in quantity (either demanded or supplied) is greater than the percentage change in price.

The degree of responsiveness in one variable to changes in another variable.

Typically a percentage change in quantity compared to a percentage change in price.

Commonly used to describe price elasticity of demand and price elasticity of supply.

US. Designates any form of Automated clearing house (ACH) debit transaction that is originated either electronically or over the phone or which has been (partially) converted into an electronic format.

(EC). The exchange of business information from one organisation to another in an electronic format in some mutually agreed standard.

EC includes unstructured electronic messaging such as facsimile (fax) or electronic mail (Email) as well as Electronic data interchange (EDI) formats.

(EDI). The electronic exchange of business data between or within commercial entities (including their agents or intermediaries in some cases also public administrations), in a standard format, of data relating to a number of message categories, such as orders, invoices, customs documents, remittance advices and payments.

EDI messages are structured computer-processable data formats that permit data to be transferred without rekeying and are then sent through public data transmission networks or banking systems channels. Any movement of funds initiated by EDI is reflected in payment instructions flowing through the banking system.

EDIFACT, a United Nations body, has established standards for electronic data interchange.

(EFT). The movement of funds by non-paper means (normally electronically), usually through a payment system such as the Automated clearing house (ACH) network or Fedwire.

(EFTOPS). An electronic system whereby funds are moved automatically from a buyer's account to a seller's account, at the time of the purchase transaction.

A funds collection service that records the receipt of incoming wire transfer and Automated clearing house (ACH) payments, reformats the data, and transmits it to the company in whatever format it desires.

A reloadable multi-purpose prepaid card which may be used for small retail or other payments instead of coins.

Electronic purse functions are increasingly being integrated into standard payment cards.

Also known as an e-purse or Electronic wallet.

Also known as an electronic purse.

A bill of exchange which has been accepted by a bank and which is eligible for rediscount at the Bank of England.

The rate of discount of an eligible bill.

A component of a hybrid security that is embedded in a non-derivative instrument.

An embedded derivative can modify the cash flows of the host contract because the derivative can be related to an exchange rate, commodity price or some other variable which frequently changes.

1. A provision in a debt security which allows the issuer or the holder to exercise an option - this is generally a call option (issuer) or a put option (holder). The option is generally linked to specific dates and may be subject to other conditions.

2. A provision in a debt security which links payments on the security to pre-specified changes in an underlying security, currency, index or commodity.

Europe, Middle East and Africa.

Efficient Market Hypothesis.

(ETS). Environmental policy.
An administrative approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants.

More specifically, a mandatory cap and trade scheme that requires Europe's heavy industries and power generators, as the continent's major emitters of carbon dioxide, to monitor and report annually on their carbon dioxide emissions and return an amount of emissions allowances to the government the represents each year's carbon dioxide output.

Pensions.
Also known as Member Nominated Trustee.

(ERISA). US Pensions.
A 1974 US federal law that sets minimum standards for most voluntarily established pension and health plans in private industry to provide protection for individuals in these plans.

Pensions.
The person or corporate entity with whom the member of a pension scheme has a contract of employment relevant to that scheme.

The former European Monetary System in the European Union.

Euro Medium Term Note.

European Economic and Monetary Union.

A provision that confers on appropriate officials the power to create law.

A process which electronically scrambles a message so that only persons who have compatible decryption hardware and/or software can interpret the message.

Funds transfer systems in which payment orders are received one by one by the settlement agent during the business day, but in which the final settlement takes place at the end of the day on a one by one or aggregate gross basis.

This definition also applies to gross settlement systems in which payments are settled in real time but remain revocable until the end of the day.

The individual or legal entity that acquires ownership of a specific amount of funds through the endorsement of a cheque, bill of exchange or promissory note.

A signature on the back of a negotiable instrument by which the signer transfers ownership of the instrument to another party.

The individual or legal entity that signs a document such as a cheque and by doing so relinquishes ownership to a specific amount of funds.

1. A contract between an audit client and their auditing firm which defines the respective responsibilities of the auditors and the client's management and records matters such as the agreed level of fees.

2. Any similar contract between a client and a provider of professional services.

Expenditure on an asset after its original acquisition.

1. A commercial entity.

2. In this context Enterprise Value is the same as Entity Value.

(ERM). The process of analysing and managing risk at the level of the business enterprise as a whole.

(ERP). A company-wide software module that automates and integrates all functions of a business, including support functions such as human resources, thereby allowing a company to better identify, plan and manage its resources.

1. In a commercial context, the business entity refers to the whole of the business undertaking, regardless of whether it is financed by equity alone or by a combination of equity and debt.

The Entity Value is therefore the total value of the Equity plus the Debt.

In this context the entity is also sometimes known as the Enterprise (and the entity value as the Enterprise Value).

2. Financial reporting.
The reporting unit for which financial information is summarised and presented. For example a company or a group of companies.

3. Tax.
A business unit which is subject to taxation. For example a company or a branch of a company established in another country.

The purchase of a business investment.

Pensions funding.
An example of a Prospective benefits funding method.

This Euro OverNight Index Average (EONIA) is sponsored by the European Banking Federation and ACI The Financial Markets Association (formerly the Association Cambiste Internationale) and calculated by the European Central Bank at 7 pm (CET) as a weighted average of all overnight unsecured lending transactions in the interbank market, initiated within the euro area by the same Panel Banks as used in EURIBOR calculations and carried out before the closing of real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems at 6.00 pm (CET).

It is reported on an act/360 day count convention and (since 2007) is displayed to three decimal places.

EONIA is widely used as a reference rate for derivatives transactions within the euro-zone.

(Distinguish from EURONIA which is sponsored and published by the Wholesale Market Brokers' Association in London.)

Economic Order Quantity.

European Payments Council.

Earnings per share.

In relation to options, the same as Vega.

A mathematical statement that two expressions are equal to each other.

For example:
y = 3x

A state from which there is no pre-existing tendency to move.

Economics.
Where there is an excess of people looking for work over those who are prepared to take the work.

1. A legal system that resolves disputes between persons by resort to principles of fairness and justness.

2. The capital of a firm invested by those accepting the greatest degree of risk, for example the holders of ordinary shares (also known as common stock) in a company.

3. Securities representing the rights of the risk capital investors in 2. above.

4. The net value of an asset, after deducting debt relating to it or secured on it.

Financial accounting.
The process of consolidation for associates.

In the Capital asset pricing model (CAPM), the relevant measure of total equity risk.

Also known as Geared beta.

Share capital which has unlimited rights to participate in the distribution of either dividends or capital.

The cost of the capital provided by equity shareholders.

A contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities.

Generally refers to the buying and holding of shares of stock on a stock market by individuals and funds in anticipation of income from dividends and capital gain as the value of the stock rises.

Sometimes refers to the acquisition of equity (ownership) participation in a private (unlisted) company or a startup (a company being created or newly created).

The market in which shares are issued and traded, either through exchanges or over-the-counter markets.

Also known as the stock market.

A method of accounting for an associated undertaking in a group of companies.

The purpose is to include in the consolidated group accounts the cost of the investment plus the appropriate proportionate share of post acquisition profits.

The variability of returns to equity investors, often measured by the standard deviation of equity returns.

In the Capital asset pricing model, total equity risk is driven both by the underlying business risk and by the additional financial risk resulting from the level of debt in the firm’s financial structure.

(ERP). The excess return expected from investing in equities, compared with the return on risk-free assets.

This term is often used to mean the same as the Market risk premium.

A form of capital market swap in which at least one of the legs is an equity index.

(EAR). The same as Effective Annual Rate.

US Pensions.
Employee Retirement Income Security Act.

1. Enterprise Risk Management.

2. European Exchange Rate Mechanism.

1. Equity Risk Premium.

2. Enterprise-wide Resource Planning.

Also known as Alpha.

Environmental Social and Governance.

Environmental Social and Governance-based investment.

An investment approach which takes explicit account of the environmental, social and corporate governance aspects of all proposed investments.

European Securities and Markets Authority.

A legal doctrine by which a person is prevented from asserting rights or facts which are inconsistent with a previous position or representation he had made by his act, conduct or silence.

1. Moral principles.

2. Principles which govern the conduct of any individual or corporate member of a professional organisation.

Emission Trading Scheme.

European Union.

Collectively, France, Germany and the UK.

SWIFT currency code for the Euro.

The Euro Interbank Offered Rate. Sponsored by the European Banking Federation, EURIBOR is the benchmark rate at which EUR interbank term deposits within the euro-zone are offered by one prime bank to another prime bank at 11.00 CET.

EURIBOR is calculated daily and covers periods ranging from one day to one year.

1. The common currency of the majority of the member states of the European Union. Its currency code is EUR.

2. A prefix usually meaning that currency is held in a different jurisdiction from its country of origin.

(EBA). Formerly known as the ECU Banking Association, the Euro Banking Association regroups most of the larger banks within the EU and provides clearing services for both high-value and low-value EUR-denominated cross-border transactions.

Same as EURIBOR.

London interbank-offered rate for euro.

(EMTN). A medium term note denominated in a different currency from that of the jurisdiction in which the note is issued.

1. EONIA.
This Euro overnight index average is sponsored by the European Banking Federation and the ACI The Financial Markets Association.

It is calculated by the European Central Bank at 7 pm (CET) as a weighted average of all overnight unsecured lending transactions in the interbank market, initiated within the euro area by the same Panel Banks as used in EURIBOR calculations and carried out before the closing of real-time gross settlement (RTGS) systems at 6.00 pm (CET).

It is reported on an act/360 day count convention and (since 2007) is displayed to three decimal places.

EONIA is widely used as a reference rate for derivatives transactions within the euro-zone.

(Distinguish from EURONIA - defined below.)

2. EURONIA.
This Euro overnight index average tracks actual average market euro funding rates each day for settlement that day where repayment is made on the following business day.

It is published by the Wholesale Market Brokers Association (WMBA) in London at 5 pm each day. It is the weighted average rate to four decimal places of all unsecured euro overnight cash transactions brokered in London by WMBA member firms between midnight and 4.00pm London time with all counterparties.

(Distinguish from EONIA - defined above.)

The collective name for the countries adopting European Monetary Union (EMU) in full.
Sometimes written "Eurozone" or "euro-zone".

Also known as the Euro area or Euroland.

Run by the Euro Banking Association’s clearing arm, EURO1 is a high-value clearing for EUR-denominated cross-border transactions. Settlement occurs via the European Central Bank.

Financial intermediaries that bid for time deposits and make loans in currencies other than that of the country in which they are located.

1. A bond, normally issued in a Eurocurrency, in the international capital markets as opposed to in a national capital market. So eurobonds are - generally speaking - beyond domestic regulation.

2. More specifically, international long-term debt securities with maturities over one year denominated in any Eurocurrency. International distribution is a key feature and they are usually in bearer form, but the bonds can be issued in any currency or any interest basis.

Located in Brussels, Euroclear is the world’s largest settlement system for domestic and international securities transactions (covering equities, bonds and funds), providing a comprehensive range of services to major financial institutions located in more than 80 countries worldwide.

It also acts as the Central securities depository (CSD) for Belgian, Dutch, French, Irish and UK securities.

Commercial paper issued in the euromarkets.

The Eurocredit market is where highly rated borrowers can gain access to medium-term bank lending.

The loan can be denominated in one or several Eurocurrencies as can the interest and the principal. The interest rate is normally fixed as a margin over LIBOR.

A currency held as a deposit outside its domestic territory (the country which issued the currency) but not necessarily in Europe.

Refers to a market that deals in a currency outside of its country of origin.

For example eurodollar deposits are USD deposits held in London, or any market outside the U.S. but not necessarily in Europe.

A deposit in a bank account located outside the banking regulations of the country which issues the currency.

Dollars held in time deposits in banks outside the United States. These banks may be foreign owned or overseas branches of US banks.

Also known as Euro zone.

1. A general term for the international capital markets.

2. More specifically, the markets where a currency is traded outside that currency's home country.

This Euro overnight index average tracks actual average market euro funding rates each day for settlement that day where repayment is made on the following business day.

It is published by the Wholesale Market Brokers' Association (WMBA) in London at 5 pm each day. It is the weighted average rate to four decimal places of all unsecured euro overnight cash transactions brokered in London by WMBA member firms between midnight and 4.00pm London time with all counterparties.

(Distinguish from EONIA, the Euro Overnight Index Average.)

Generally used to describe a short-term promissory note, denominated in a eurocurrency, issued through an underwritten facility as opposed to by means of an uncommitted programme.

This allows borrowers to issue short-term notes through a variety of note distribution mechanisms, under the umbrella of a medium-term commitment from banks.

Options.
A European-style option.

(EACT). Umbrella organisation of nine Corporate Treasurers Associations from the EU area.

Details of their work can be found at: www.eact.eu.

(ECB). The central banking authority for countries in the Eurozone.

(EC). The executive body of the European Union.

(EC). This founding element of the European integration process established a common market without internal borders.

It consolidated the European Economic Community, the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Atomic Energy Community.

It is part of the European Union (EU).

(ECU). A currency basket composed of specified proportions of the currencies of European Monetary System members, before it was replaced by the Euro.

(EMU). The system in the European Union for facilitating economic and monetary co-ordination among member states, leading to the adoption of a single European currency (the Euro).

(EEA). A group of countries comprising the European Union Member states, Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein and collaborating on, for example, anti-money laundering activities.

(EFSF).The European Financial Stability Facility was established in 2010.

The EFSF’s mandate is to safeguard financial stability in Europe by providing financial assistance to Euro zone Member States.

The EFSF is authorised to use instruments and techniques including:

1. Lending to countries in financial difficulties.
2. Intervening in the debt primary and secondary markets.
3. Financing recapitalisations of banks and other financial institutions through loans to governments.

To fulfill its mission, the EFSF issues bonds or other debt instruments on the capital markets.
The EFSF is backed by guarantee commitments from the Euro zone Member States.

(EIOPA). A Committee of the European Union in the Lamfalussy process. EIOPa consists of the European Union's insurance and pension fund supervisory authorities.

Formerly known as the Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors (CEIOPS).

(EIB/BEI). Long-term lending bank for the European Union.

(EMS). The predecessor in the European Union of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), which led in turn to the establishment of the Euro.

The EMS was designed to create an area of currency stability throughout the European Community by encouraging its member states to co-ordinate their monetary policies.

The EMS used the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) with the aim of stabilising exchange rates and thereby facilitating trade between member states.

Also known as European Economic and Monetary Union.

(EPC). Organisation set up by the European banking industry with the express aim of creating a Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA).

(ESMA). An independent EU Authority contributing to the stability of the European Union's financial system by ensuring the integrity, transparency, efficiency and orderly functioning of securities markets and enhancing investor protection.

(EU). An economic and political union of 27 European member states. The members are: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom.

The three areas which form the union are: The European Community; Common Foreign and Security Policy; Police and Judicial co-operation in Criminal Matters.

The legislature includes the European Parliament, the Council of European Union and the European Commission. The judicial bodies are the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance.

1. An option which can be exercised only on its final maturity date.

2. More specifically, a derivative that gives its holder the right to buy or to sell a certain amount of the underlying financial product on its date of expiry or for a short specific period (i.e. one day) just beforehand.

The European Spreadsheet Risks Interest Group.
Established in 1999 to promote information, action, conferences and other dialogue on spreadsheet risk management.

(Pronounced yewsprig.)

Entity Value.

Also known as Enterprise Value.

Economic Value Added.

Financial accounting.
An event which occurs between a company’s balance sheet date and the date on which the company’s financial statements are authorised for issue.

The event of breaching a loan agreement. Each loan agreement will normally define exactly what constitutes an event of default.

Events of default will generally include any failure to pay interest or capital on a due date, any failure to comply with a covenant and any inability to repeat a representation.

Refers to the risk of the credit of a borrower deteriorating, due to a change in circumstances.

A facility whereby the final maturity may be extended periodically, with the lender's agreement, for a further term (normally a year at a time).

Ex dividend.

(Ex div).
1. In relation to a transfer of equity shares, a transfer excluding the entitlement to receive the next dividend payment.

2. A basis of quoting traded equity prices which excludes the entitlement to receive the next dividend payment.

Ex interest.

(Ex int).
1. In relation to the transfer of a traded debt instrument, a transfer excluding the entitlement to receive the next interest payment.

2. A basis of quoting traded debt prices which excludes the entitlement to receive the next interest payment.

Forecast.

Debt securities that are sold without the right to receive the next or due coupon.

Export-Import Bank.

Historical.

Computer spreadsheet package produced by Microsoft used to create and format workbooks of spreadsheets, analyze and produce data in graphic forms.

Restrictions imposed by the central bank or other government authorities on the convertibility of a currency, or on the movement of funds in that currency.

The price of one currency in terms of another.

For example £1 = $1.85, so £1 is the equivalent of $1.85 or $1 is the equivalent of £0.54.

(ERM).
1. A system under the former European Monetary System for stabilising exchange rates between participating member states.

2. A similar transitional system for European member states currently working towards adoption of the Euro to replace their domestic currency.

Exchange trading is the alternative to Over the counter dealing. Exchange traded financial instruments are standardised, and less flexible, but the interposition of the exchange substantially reduces credit risk.

A system dealing with two-way exchanges of assets, often including money.

Contrasted with funds transfer systems, which generally deal with one-way transfers of money only.

Open-ended funds tracking an index that are priced on a continuous basis and can be bought or sold like shares.

An option that is traded on an exchange, as opposed to over the counter, with a bank or other financial institution.

(XB). A straight bond with an embedded option to exchange the bond for the stock of a company other than the issuer (usually a subsidiary or company in which the issuer owns a stake) at some future date and under prescribed conditions.

Contract law.
Also known as Exemption clause.

VAT.
No VAT.

Pensions.
The status accorded to UK occupational pension schemes by Her Majesty's Revenue & Customs according them favourable treatment with respect to the tax deductibility of contributions and the tax free accumulation of income.

UK Tax.
A capital gain which is wholly or partly exempt from capital gains tax.

Examples include an individual's principal private residence, and gilts.

Contract law.
A term in a contract purporting to exclude or restrict the liability of one of the parties in specified circumstances.

Also known as Exclusion clause.

To carry out a transaction, usually applied to the option market.

In relation to options, same as Strike price.

Options.
Also known as the strike rate.

The ending - usually by sale - of a business investment.

A description meaning that there are non-standard features in a financial contract.

Currencies in which there is a limited market.

A range of options with unconventional payout structures or underlying assets.

Expectations theory states that the best measure of the market's average expectation of the outturn spot foreign exchange rate at a given future date is the current market forward rate for the same maturity.

Expectations theory also applies in the interest rate market, and indeed in any market where forward prices are quoted.

So for example in the interest rate market, expectations theory suggests that the current market forward interest rate is the best measure of the average market expectation of the outturn spot interest rate at the given future date.

1. The arithmetic mean value of any population.
2. In relation to forecasting, the average of all possible future results, weighted by the respective probabilities of each possible result.

Money that is spent on goods or services.

Tax.
A type of tax relief given by subtracting a deduction from (otherwise) taxable profits, before calculating the amount of tax payable on the reduced net taxable profits.

Incidental money spent in the performance of a job or commission usually reimbursed by an employer or allowable against tax

UK Tax.
A car costing more than £12,000.

Pensions.
Liability projections require assumptions for a number of variables, including mortality, early leavers, inflation and other factors.

Actual experience of these variables will cause the liabilities at any point in the future to differ from the projections, which will in turn influence contribution rates and the like.

For example, increasing longevity will lead to increased liabilities (and hence to increased contribution rates).

Pensions.
An example of actuarial gains and losses.

The final date that an option holder can purchase or sell an underlying security/commodity.

1. The exponential constant is a mathematical constant with a value of roughly 2.718, usually designated by the letter e.

2. The related exponential function is e^x (e to the power of x).
The exponential function in Excel is =EXP( ). The exponential function is the inverse of the natural logarithm.

3. Exponential growth means growth other than straight-line.

For example the series 100, 200, 400... is growing exponentially.

4. Exponential decay means the reduction in a variable, for example over time, on a basis other than straight-line.

For example the reduction in the time value of an option, as its remaining time to maturity expires.

Exponential.

e^x the inverse of the natural logarithm of x.

A method for analyzing the trend in a time series.

(ECGD). A UK government department dedicated to facilitating UK exports primarily through subsidised export financing, and political risk insurance.

(Ex-Im Bank). US government agency established in 1934 to stimulate US foreign trade.

The Ex-Im Bank supports commercial banks that are financing exports and provides direct financing, loan guarantees and insurance to exporters and foreign buyers of US goods.

Similar to the Export Credits Guarantee Department in the United Kingdom.

1. Goods and services produced domestically, which are sold abroad.

2. VAT.
The movement of goods out of the EU.

An asset, a liability, or a net position which might give rise to a loss if there were to be an adverse change in general market prices or rates, or in the credit strength of a counterparty.

For example, a borrowing at the floating market rate of interest exposes the borrower to the risk of a rise in market rates. Because if the market reference rate went up before an interest resetting date, the borrower would have to pay a higher rate of interest on their borrowing.

A period of time during which - if market prices or rates were to change adversely - a loss might be suffered.

For example, a floating rate borrower is exposed to the risk of a rise in the market interest rate. The exposure period starts today and ends on the date on which the interest rate is set.

A provision of a contract agreed to by the parties in words, written or spoken.

(XML). A standard data format used for text files and information in computer memory that allows easy data processing and exchange between different applications.

A wide area network (WAN) in which two or more organisations share information using internet protocols with access limited to the participants.

(EGM). Any general meeting of company members other than the annual general meeting.

1. A straight-line estimation method where the estimated result lies beyond the range spanned by two or more known data points.

2. More generally, any estimation method where the estimated result lies beyond the range spanned by two or more known data points. (Not necessarily using straight-line methods of estimation.)

Extrapolation is generally a less reliable estimation method than Interpolation.

Extrapolation can be particularly unreliable when historical trends are projected into future periods for planning purposes.

Law.
Evidence of matters not referred to in a document offered in evidence to explain, vary or contradict its meaning. Such evidence is not generally admissible under UK law unless there are allegations of fraud or mistake.